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A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish short stories, poetry and essays along with literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews and letters. Literary magazines are often called literary journals, or little magazines, terms intended to contrast these with larger, commercial magazines.〔Cowley, Malcolm, ''The Little Magazines Growing Up; The Little Magazines'' September 14, 1947, Sunday〕 Little magazines, often called "small magazines", are literary magazines that publish experimental and non-conformist writings of relatively unknown writers. They are usually noncommercial in their outlook. They are often very irregular in their publication. The earliest significant examples are the transcendentalist publication ''The Dial'' (1840–44), edited by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller in Boston, and ''The Savoy'' (1896), edited by Arthur Symons in London, which had a revolt against the Victorian Materialism as its agenda. Little magazines played a significant role for the poets who shaped the avant-garde movements like Modernism and Post-modernism across the world in the twentieth century. == History of literary magazines == ''Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres'' is regarded as the first literary magazine which was established by Pierre Bayle in France in 1684. The literary magazines became common in the early part of the 19th century, mirroring an overall rise in the number of books, magazines and scholarly journals being published at that time. In Great Britain, critics Francis Jeffrey, Henry Brougham and Sydney Smith founded the ''Edinburgh Review'' in 1802. Other British reviews of this period included the ''Westminster Review'' (1824), ''The Spectator'' (1828) and ''Athenaeum'' (1828). In the United States, early journals included the ''Philadelphia Literary Magazine'' (1803–08), the ''Monthly Anthology'' (1803–11), which became the ''North American Review'', the ''Yale Review'' (founded in 1819), ''The Knickerbocker'' (1833-1865), ''Dial'' (1840–44) and the New Orleans-based ''De Bow's Review'' (1846–80). Several prominent literary magazines were published in Charleston, South Carolina, including ''The Southern Review'' from 1828–32 and ''Russell's Magazine'' from 1857–60).〔(Documenting the American South: Articles from ''Encyclopedia of Southern Culture'': Antebellum Era )〕 The ''North American Review'' is the oldest American literary magazine, but publication was suspended during World War II whereas the ''Yale Review'' was not, making the Yale journal the oldest literary magazine in continuous publication. Begun in 1899, ''Poet Lore'' is considered the oldest journal dedicated to poetry.〔http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/04/30/americas-oldest-poetry-journal-celebrates-125-years-of-great-verse/〕 By the end of the century, literary magazines had become an important feature of intellectual life in many parts of the world. Among the literary magazines that began in the early part of the 20th century is ''Poetry'' magazine founded in 1912, which published T. S. Eliot's first poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." Other important early-20th century literary magazines include ''The Times Literary Supplement'' (1902), ''Southwest Review'' (1915), ''Virginia Quarterly Review'' (1925), ''Southern Review'' (1935) and ''New Letters'' (1935). The ''Sewanee Review'', although founded in 1892, achieved prominence largely thanks to Allen Tate, who became editor in 1944.〔(History )〕 Two of the most influential — and radically different — journals of the last-half of the 20th century were ''The Kenyon Review'' (''KR'') and the ''Partisan Review''. ''The Kenyon Review'', founded by John Crowe Ransom, espoused the so-called New Criticism. Its platform was avowedly unpolitical. Although Ransom came from the South and published authors from that region, ''KR'' also published many New York-based and international authors. ''The Partisan Review'' was first associated with the American Communist Party and the John Reed Club, however, it soon broke ranks with the party. Nevertheless, politics remained central to its character, while it also published significant literature and criticism. The middle-20th century saw a boom in the number of literary magazines, which corresponded with the rise of the small press. Among the important journals which began in this period were ''Nimbus: A Magazine of Literature, the Arts, and New Ideas,'' which began publication in 1951 in England, the ''Paris Review,'' which was founded in 1953, ''The Massachusetts Review'' and ''Poetry Northwest'', which were founded in 1959, ''X'' Magazine, which ran from 1959–62, and the ''Denver Quarterly'', which began in 1965. The 1970s saw another surge in the number of literary magazines, with a number of distinguished journals getting their start during this decade, including ''Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art'', ''Ploughshares,'' ''The Iowa Review,'' ''Granta'', ''Agni'', ''The Missouri Review,'' and ''New England Review''. Other highly regarded print magazines of recent years include ''The Threepenny Review'', ''The Georgia Review'', ''Ascent'', ''Shenandoah'', ''The Greensboro Review'', ''ZYZZYVA'', ''Glimmer Train'', ''Tin House'', the Canadian magazine ''Brick'', the Australian magazine ''HEAT'', and ''Zoetrope: All-Story''. Some short fiction writers, such as Steve Almond and Stephen Dixon have built national reputations in the United States primarily through publication in literary magazines. The Committee of Small Magazine Editors and Presses (COSMEP) was founded by Hugh Fox in the mid-1970s. It was an attempt to organize the energy of the small presses. Len Fulton, editor and founder of Dustbook Publishing, assembled and published the first real list of these small magazines and their editors in the mid-1970s. This made it possible for poets to pick and choose the publications most amenable to their work and the vitality of these independent publishers was recognized by the larger community, including the National Endowment for the Arts, which created a committee to distribute support money for this burgeoning group of publishers called the Coordinating Council of Literary Magazines (CCLM). This organisation evolved into the Council of Literary Magazines and Presses (CLMP). Many prestigious awards exist for works published in literary magazines including the Pushcart Prize and the O. Henry Awards. Literary magazines also provide many of the pieces in ''The Best American Short Stories'' and ''The Best American Essays'' annual volumes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Literary magazine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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